LESSON 9 DOCUMENT 46 A DESCRIPTION OF SOCIAL CLASSES

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Social Classes among the slaves

Lesson 9 Document 46


A Description of Social Classes Among the Slaves


Joseph Holt Ingraham was born in Maine and eventually became college professor of languages in Mississippi. In 1836 he published "The Southwest, by a Yankee." He eventfully became a clergyman and write of religion romance novels.


There are properly three distinct classes of slaves in the South. The first and most intelligent class is composed of the domestic slaves or servants …of the planters. Some of these both read and write and possess a great degree of intelligence, and as the Negro, of the varieties of the human species, is the most imitative, they soon learn the language and readily adopt the manners of the family to which they are attached. .

…Always about the persons of their masters or mistresses, the domestic slaves obtain a better knowledge of the modes of civilized life than they could do in the field, where Negroes can rise but little above their original African state.

…The second class is composed of town slaves. …draymen, hostlers, laborers, hucksters, and washwomen, and the heterogeneous multitude of every other occupation who fill the streets of a busy city-for slaves are trained to every kind of manual labor. The blacksmith, cabinetmaker, carpenter, builder, wheelwright-all have one or more slaves laboring at their trades. The Negro is a third arm to every workingman who can possibly save money enough to purchase one. He is emphatically the “right-hand man” of every man. Even free Negroes cannot do without them; some of them own several, to whom they are the severest masters.

…. The third and lowest class consists of those slaves who are termed field hands. They are, and by necessity always will be, an inferior class to the two former. A native planter… recently informed me that if he conveyed an order to any of his field hands which contained two ideas, he was sure it would not be followed correctly.


Joseph Holt Ingraham. The South-West by a Yankee. 2 vols. New York: 1835.


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