PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 31 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY A) PHONOLOGY

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PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 31 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY A) PHONOLOGY

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

3.1 Phonetics and Phonology

a) Phonology is about patterns of sounds, especially different patterns of sounds in different languages, or within each language, different patterns of sounds in different positions in words etc. Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages

The phonological system of a language include

b) Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds by humans, often without prior knowledge of the language being spoken.

Phonetics

Phonology

  • Phonetics is the study of the nature of sound itself

  • Phonology is the study of the sound systems of a language.

  • Phonetics simply describes the articulatory and acoustic properties of phones (speech sounds).

  • Phonology studies how sounds interact as a system in a particular language.

  • Phonetics studies which sounds are present in a language and how these sounds can be represented using the International Phonetic Alphabet

  • Phonology studies how these sounds combine and how they change in combination, as well as which sounds can contrast to produce differences in meaning

  • Phonetics studies how the vocal tract modifies the vibratory sound generated by the glottis to produce recognizable speech sounds in English and other languages.

  • Phonology studies how we can describe all languages’ sounds in terms of smaller components called “distinctive features”.

  • Phonetics studies how articulation of individual sounds varies according to dialect and other factors.

  • Phonology studies how syllabification affects the actual articulation of sounds and vice versa.

  • Phonetics studies how sounds overlap with each other in co articulation. It studies how features such as voicing, vowel height and back ness, lip rounding, place and manner of articulation affect the acoustic pattern of a sound.

  • Phonology studies how we can describe common linguistic changes in terms how humans might process them in the brain.
    The role of tone, intonation, and stress in some of the world's languages.




3.2 Branches of Phonetics

3.3 Phoneme, Phone and Allophone

Phoneme is the smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another (e.g., the sound p in tap, which differentiates that word from tab and tag). Phonemes may be recorded with special symbols, such as those of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). In transcription, linguists conventionally place symbols for phonemes between slash marks: /p/.


A phoneme is a family of similar sounds which a language treats as being "the same". Members of the family are called its allophones.

In English, [p] and [ph] are allophones of the /p/ phoneme.

In phonetics the smallest perceptible segment is phone.

A phone is an unanalyzed sound of a language. It is the smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech that is able to be transcribed with an IPA symbol.

A speech sound or gesture considered as a physical event without regard to its place in the phonology of a language.

For example, p as in pin and p as in spin are allophones in the English language. English speakers generally treat these as the same sound, but they are different. The latter is unaspirated: it sounds a little more like the b of English. The preceding s is the usual context for the unaspirated allophone. Chinese treats them differently and the latter is written as b in pinyin; thus, they are not allophones in Chinese.

3.4 Syllable, Vowel and Consonants

Syllable is a phonetic unit larger and more stable than phoneme. Syllable is a unit of spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound formed by a vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant alone, or by any of these sounds preceded, followed, or surrounded by one or more consonants. Syllables are often considered the phonological "building blocks" of words.


A syllable consists of an onset and a rhyme, and a rhyme in turn consists of an vowel and final consonant(s).

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 31 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY A) PHONOLOGY PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 31 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY A) PHONOLOGY Syllable

Rhyme

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 31 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY A) PHONOLOGY PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 31 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY A) PHONOLOGY Onset

Nucleus Coda



A vowel is a type of sound for which there is no closure at any point of the vocal tract.

A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a constriction or closure at one or more points along the vocal tract.

There are three ways of describing the consonant sounds

  1. The manner of articulation

  2. The place of articulation

  3. The force of articulation







3.5 Manners of Articulation

There are six manners of articulation.

Manners

How Produced

Examples

Stops/Plosives

By stopping the airflow in the vocal tract and then releasing it explosively.

[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]

Affricates

A sound that begins as a stop but releases as a fricative

[tʃ], [dʒ]

Fricatives

By forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulator close together

[f],[x]

Nasals

When velum is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through nose

[m],[n]

Lateral

The airflow is around the sides of the tongue

[l]

Approximants

Continuous flow of air through the vocal tract, less friction than a fricative but more than a vowel

[r],[w],[j]



3.6 Places of Articulation

Where Produced

Where Produced

Examples

Bilabial

Lips together

[p], [b], [m], [w]

Labio-dental

Upper teeth on lower lip

[f], [v]

Dental

Upper teeth on tip of tongue

[θ], [ð]

Alveolar

Tip of tongue on hard ridge behind upper teeth

[t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r]

Plato-Alveolar

Tip of tongue is raised towards the roof of the mouth, between the alveolar ridge and hard palate

[tʃ], [dʒ], [ʒ], [ʃ]

Palatal

Front of tongue is raised to hard palate

[j]

Velar

Back of tongue is raised to soft palate

[k], [g], [η]

Glottol

The vocal cords

[h]



PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 31 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY A) PHONOLOGY

3.7 The Force of Articulation

a) Voiced Sounds

Vocal sounds are called voiced if the vocal cords are vibrating.

b) Voiceless Sounds

Vocal sounds are called voiceless if the vocal cords are not vibrating.

c) Fortis/Lenis

The fortis/lenis distinction describes the voicing differences of consonants. The term, ‘fortis’ suggests a greater amount of force employed in the production of consonants. The term, ‘lenis’ suggests a smaller amount of force employed in the production of consonants. In English, all voiceless consonants are produced with greater force than the voiced consonants.

3.8 Vowels: Open, Mid and Close Vowels

A vowel is a type of sound for which there is no closure of the throat or mouth at any point where vocalization occurs.

For close vowel the tongue is quite high in the mouth.

For mid vowels the tongue is neither high nor low in the mouth.

For open vowels, the tongue is low in the mouth.

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 31 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY A) PHONOLOGY

3.9 Diphthongs

Diphthongs are types of vowels where two vowel sounds are connected in a continuous, gliding motion. They are often referred to as gliding vowels.

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 31 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY A) PHONOLOGY

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 31 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY A) PHONOLOGY

  1. /ai/ (kite, fight, night, fried)

  2. /ei/ (say, pay, rate, paper, plate)

  3. /כi/ (boy, soil, coil, boil)

  4. /au/ (shout, flower, couch)

  5. /әu/ (no, soul)

  6. /iә/ (fear, near, mere, career)

  7. /eә/ (fair, gear, flare, prayer)

  8. /uә/ (sure, poor, doer)


3.10 Assimilation

In many languages, sounds belonging to one word can change depending on the environment of its occurrence. When a phoneme is realized / articulated differently due to its context or neighboring sounds, the process is known as assimilation. Assimilation is more likely to be found in rapid, casual speech. In English, assimilation usually affects consonants at word boundaries.


  1. / t / changes to / p / before / m / / b / or / p / (circuit board, sit back)

  2. / d / changes to / b / before / m / / b / or / p / (mixed bag, used before)

  3. / n / changes to / m / before / m / / b / or / p / (van bumper, brown paper)

  4. / t / changes to / k / before / k / or /g/ (short cut, that cake)

  5. / d / changes to / g / before / k / or / g / (hard copy, red carpet)

  6. / n / changes to /ŋ/ before / k / or / g / (open court, town clerk)

  7. / s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / (bus shelter, nice shoes)

  8. / z / changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / (cheese shop, these sheep)

  9. /θ/ changes to / s / before / s / (fifth set, fourth season)


3.11 Elision

Elision is the omission of sounds, syllables or words in speech. This is done to make the language easier to say, and faster.

Elision of sounds can be seen clearly in contracted forms like isn't (is not), I'll (I shall/will), who's (who is/has), they'd (they had, they should, or they would), haven't (have not) and so on. We see from these examples that vowels or/and consonants can be elided.

3.12 Linking R Sound

In British English, when a word ends in an 'r', we do not pronounce this letter! There is only one exception to this, and that is when the following word begins with a vowel sound, and in this case, we do pronounce it, as it helps us link the two words together. 

This pronunciation technique is known as the Linking R.

3.13 Intrusive R Sounds

In a similar way, we sometimes add an imaginary 'r' sound, even when there isn't an 'r' at the end of the first word. This pronunciation technique is known as the Intrusive R. Again, we do this to speak more fluently and to make one word transition more easily into the next.

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