SALMONELLOSIS ACTIVITIES IN 2009 SALMONELLOSIS DR C POPPE PUBLIC

NEW YORK STATE CATTLE HEALTH ASSURANCE PROGRAM SALMONELLOSIS MODULE
SALMONELLA (NONTYPHOIDAL) SALMONELLA SPP ARE BACTERIA THAT CAUSE SALMONELLOSIS
SALMONELLOSIS ACTIVITIES IN 2009 SALMONELLOSIS DR C POPPE PUBLIC

SALMONELLOSIS IS AN IMPORTANT DISEASE FOR BOTH ANIMALS AND

Disease name

Salmonellosis

Activities in 2009

Salmonellosis

Dr C. Poppe

Public Health Agency of Canada, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses

110 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 3W4 Canada

Tel.: (1-519) 822-3300, Fax: (1-519) 822-2280

E-mail: [email protected]

Summary of general activities related to the disease

1. Serotyping and phagetyping of Salmonella cultures for diagnostic, research and surveillance purposes

The OIÉ Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis is a national Salmonella surveillance centre, contributing laboratory support, Salmonella cultures and submissions data to the national enteric pathogen surveillance system of the Public Health Agency of Canada, the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance (http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cipars-picra/index.html), and PulseNet Canada (the Canadian listserve for PFGE/molecular methods, bacterial outbreak investigations and surveillance). The Laboratory also supports provincial government Salmonella monitoring programs and research programs of government institutions and universities in Canada and internationally.

A total of 5,169 Salmonella cultures isolated from animals and their environment, foods, feeds and other sources in Canada during the year 2009 were identified serologically using the antigenic formulae of Grimont and Weill (2007). They belonged to 196 serovars. The commonest serovars were S. Kentucky (854 cultures), S. Heidelberg (800), S. Enteritidis (784) and S. Typhimurium (492 cultures, consisting of 250 S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen and 242 S. Typhimurium). Other commonly isolated serovars were S. Schwarzengrund (193), S. Mbandaka (156), S. Hadar (143), S. Infantis (129) and S. Senftenberg (113). Three hundred and twenty one Salmonella cultures belonging to 127 serovars were identified for internal and external quality control assurance purposes. Among the animal source submissions, most Salmonella isolates were from chickens (2,290 cultures), pigs (475), turkeys (290), cattle (169) and horses (24). The most common food isolates were from chicken (562) and the most common isolates from environmental sources were from litter and manure (146). Also, 199 isolates from feed and feed ingredients were serotyped. Salmonella Kentucky, S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg were the most frequently isolated serovars from chicken (588, 525 and 446 cultures, respectively). Salmonella Typhimurium with S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, and S. Derby were the most frequently isolated serovars from pigs (126 and 70 cultures, respectively) and S. Schwarzengrund from turkeys (115 cultures). Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen were the most frequent serovars from cattle (25 and 59 cultures, respectively). The most frequently isolated serovars from chicken as a food source were Salmonella Heidelberg (163), S. Kentucky (149) and S. Enteritidis (91 cultures). Salmonella were isolated from a wide variety of species such as chickens, pigs, turkeys, other avian species, cattle, horses, ducks, reptiles, cats, dogs, geese, sheep, mink, rodents and other animal species, from environmental samples such as litter and manure, from equipment and buildings, from dust, from water and soil samples, from foods (chicken, pork, beef and turkey), from other food sources such as fruits, vegetables, fish, herbs and spices, and from feed, feed ingredients and fertilizer.

Phagetyping of 793 S. Heidelberg isolates with the typing scheme of Demczuk et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003; 41: 4279-4284) showed that phage type (PT) 19 was the commonest PT (286 cultures). A total of 487 S. Typhimurium isolates, including S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen were characterized by the phage typing scheme of Anderson et al. (J. Hyg. 1977; 78: 297-300); phagetype 104 was the commonest PT identified (103 cultures) followed by PT8 (55 cultures). Typing of 783 S. Enteritidis strains with the scheme of Ward et al. (Epidemiol. Infect. 1987; 99: 291-294) showed that most belonged to PT8 (357 cultures), PT51 (113) and PT13a (94 cultures); none of the cultures typed as PT4.

2. Production and distribution of diagnostic reagents

Cultures are available from the Salmonella strain collection for research and diagnostic purposes.

Activities specifically related to the mandate
of OIE Reference Laboratories

3. International harmonisation and standardisation of methods for diagnostic testing or the production and testing of vaccines

The OIÉ Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis has been accredited by the Standards Council of Canada since 1997 and its diagnostic procedures comply with the requirements of the ISO/IEC Guide 17025. The Laboratory has been a member of the WHO Global Salmonella Surveillance network ([email protected]) since 2000. The Laboratory is listed on the Global Salm-Surv web page (http://www.who.int/salmsurv/en). The Laboratory has successfully participated in a yearly External Quality Assurance System (EQAS) for Salmonella serotyping among Global Salm-Surv member laboratories since 2001.

4. Preparation and supply of international reference standards for diagnostic tests or vaccines

Salmonella antisera, Salmonella cultures and other diagnostic supplies were provided to researchers and diagnosticians in Member Countries. The Reference Laboratory submitted a new serovar to the WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Salmonella at l’Institut Pasteur in Paris, France. The isolate was confirmed having the 51:y:1,2 antigenic formula and was named Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Rosslyn. It had been isolated from a ball python snake from Rosslyn, Alberta, Canada in 2008.

5. Research and development of new procedures for diagnosis and control

The following topics are being studied: The epidemiology, pathogenesis and control of salmonellosis in animals and humans; antimicrobial resistance and trends in resistance of Salmonella; the putative association between antimicrobial resistance and virulence in Salmonella; further characterization of Salmonella by serotyping, phagetyping, PFGE, plasmid profiles, and by PCR to identify antimicrobial resistance, virulence and other genes; sequencing of DNA and other molecular typing and research techniques; alternative molecular methods to traditional serotyping.

6. Collection, analysis and dissemination of epizootiological data relevant to international disease control

Comprehensive monthly and annual reports were composed and sent to national and international organisations.

7. Provision of consultant expertise to OIE or to OIE Members

The OIÉ Expert on Salmonellosis at our Laboratory reviewed the Report of the Meeting of the OIE AD HOC Group on Salmonellosis, held in Paris, 4-6 August 2009. The Expert also reviewed and commented on Chapter 6.4 titled “Biosecurity Procedures in Poultry Production” and Chapter 6.5 on “Prevention, detection and control of Salmonella in poultry” (OIÉ Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission/September 2009 documents).

8. Provision of scientific and technical training to personnel from other OIE Members

Nil.

9. Provision of diagnostic testing facilities to other OIE Members

The Salmonella Reference Laboratory examined 49 ovine putative Salmonella isolates that originated from the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Ethiopia.

10. Organisation of international scientific meetings on behalf of OIE or other international bodies

Nil.

11. Participation in international scientific collaborative studies

A miniature Salmonella molecular typing array has been developed based on the ClonDiag ArrayStripTM (AS) system together with researchers at the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) in Winnipeg, Canada and the Veterinary Laboratory Agencies (VLA) of the United Kingdom. The array is currently undergoing final optimization in preparation for a blind panel assessment which is planned to begin in March of 2010. If the results from the blind panel are successful then the array will be included in a large scale comparison of traditional Salmonella serotyping with new molecular typing techniques at the VLA Reference Laboratory. A large scale validation will then be completed prior to commercialization with Inverness Medical.

12. Publication and dissemination of information relevant to the work of OIE (including list of scientific publications, internet publishing activities, presentations at international conferences)

  1. Weir E, Martin L, Boerlin P. Exposure to antimicrobials and virulence gene expression in Salmonella. 3rd ASM Conference on Salmonella: Biology, Pathogenesis and Prevention. Aix-en-Provence, France. October 5-9, 2009, Poster presentation.

  2. Franklin K, Lingohr EJ, Bodrossy L, Anjum M, Villegas A, Clark CG, Kropinski AM. Development of a miniaturized tube array for molecular typing of Salmonella. 3rd ASM Conference on Salmonella: Biology, Pathogenesis and Prevention. Aix-en-Provence, France, October 5-9, 2009. Poster presentation.

  3. Boerlin P. Le role des produits carnés dans la transmission de bactéries résistantes chez l’humain. Colloque Zoonoses et Santé Publique. Vingt-deuxièmes Entretiens Jacques Cartier, Lyon, France, November 30, 2009.

  1. Sibhat B, Zewde BM, Zerihun A, Muckle A, Cole L, Boerlin P, Wilkie E, Perets A, Mistry K, Gebreyes WA. Salmonella serovars and antimicrobial resistance profiles in beef cattle, slaughterhouse personnel and slaughterhouse environment in Ethiopia. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; Dec 23 [Epub ahead of print].

  2. Murphy C, Reid-Smith RJ, Prescott JF, Bonnett BN, Poppe C, Boerlin P, Weese JS, Janecko N, McEwen SA. Occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in healthy dogs and cats presented to private veterinary hospitals in southern Ontario: A preliminary study. Can Vet J 2009; 50:1047-1053.

  3. Kozak GK, Pearl DL, Parkman J, Reid-Smith RJ, Deckert A, Boerlin P. Distribution of sulfonamide resistance genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from swine and chickens at abattoirs in Ontario and Québec, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:5999-6001.

  4. Boerlin P, Reid-Smith RJ. Antimicrobial resistance: its emergence and transmission. Anim Health Res Rev 2008; 9:115-126.

  5. Farzan A, Friendship RM, Cook A, Pollari F. Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli O157 and Listeria monocytogenes in swine. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; Jul 23 [Epub ahead of print].

  6. Hag Elsafi HE, Nor Elmadiena MM, El Hussein AA, Siddig MA, Muckle CA, Cole L, Wilkie E, Mistry K. Salmonella Umbadah: a new Salmonella serovar isolated from cattle in Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1605-1606.

  7. Clark CG, Kropinski AM, Parolis H, Grant CC, Trout-Yakel KM, Franklin K, Ng LK, Paramonov NA, Parolis LA, Rahn K, Tabor H. Escherichia coli O123 O antigen genes and polysaccharide structure are conserved in some Salmonella enterica serogroups. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:884-894.

  8. Villegas A, She YM, Kropinski AM, Lingohr EJ, Mazzocco A, Ojha S, Waddell TE, Ackermann HW, Moyles DM, Ahmed R, Johnson RP. The genome and proteome of a virulent Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteriophage closely resembling Salmonella phage Felix O1. Virol J 2009; 6:41.

None.

13. Inscription of diagnostic kits on the OIE Register

i) Did you participate in expert panels for the validation of candidate kits for inscription on the OIE Register?

No.

ii) Did you submit to the OIE candidate kits for inscription on the OIE Register?

No.

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Annual reports of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres, 2009 3





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