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Air Water & Space

Life of a Water Droplet Cartoon


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Name: _____________________


Date: ______________________


Class # _____________________


Concepts:

1) Although the percentage of fresh water available on earth is small, the earth never runs out because water is a renewable resource. This means its actual amount is not limited and it can be easily replenished. This happens because water can readily change from one state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) to another at the temperatures and pressures that occur around Earth’s surface.

2) Water is constantly moving between each of the four spheres of Earth Science. This unending circulation of earth’s water supply is called the water cycle or the hydrologic cycle. It has several main steps: water storage, evaporation / transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and recharge of water storage.

3) Water storage supplies are stored in lakes, streams, oceans, and snow fields. Man-made water supplies are called reservoirs. Water can also be stored underground in an area called an aquifer.

4) Evaporation is the process where liquid water is heated and becomes a gas called water vapor. Usually the sun heats the water supply and vaporizes it at its surface. Transpiration is the process by which water is evaporated into the air through plants (leaf pores).

5) Condensation is the process of changing water vapor (gas) held in the air into a liquid by removing heat - cooling. Water drops on the outside of a cold glass are condensed water. The temperature at which water vapor changes from a gas to a liquid is called the dew point or saturation point. When the dew point is close (within 5ºF) to the air temperature, rain is very likely. Dew forms when moist air (water vapor) near the earth’s surface cools. If the surface temperature falls below freezing, then the dew turns into frost.

6) Precipitation is water that falls to earth from clouds in the atmosphere. There are five kinds: drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, and hail. The size of water vapor droplets is very small. When water droplets cool and condense, they get larger to the point that gravity pulls them to the earth. Drizzle droplets are much smaller than rain droplets, but are much larger than water vapor droplets.

7) When water droplets freeze on their way to the earth, sleet, snow, and hail form. Sometimes strong updrafts blow the droplets back up into the clouds where they gain another layer of water which refreezes. A hailstone the size of a marble might have been blown up and fallen down over 25 times.

8) The recharge of water storage happens after precipitation hits the ground. It can happen above ground or below ground. The water follows surface contour lines as it flows as runoff into lakes, rivers, and the ocean. Much of the water that hits the ground does not runoff. It percolates or moves downward through the pores and spaces in the soil until it hits the water table - a place where the soil is saturated or completely filled with water. This zone of saturation is an underground water storage area called an aquifer. If it rains so much that the water table moves to the surface, there will be a flood. If it rains so hard and fast that most of the rain runs off above the ground and does not go into the ground, then flash flooding occurs.

Concepts:

9) The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat by the tropopause. Life on earth could not exist without it. Radiant energy is both absorbed by the ground and reflected back to the atmosphere. Heavy greenhouse gases in the troposphere such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane absorb the reflected infrared rays and reflect them back to earth. In this way, much of the heat is trapped like a blanket.

10) Jet streams are often called rivers of air. They are narrow bands of strong wind found at the top of the troposphere. The width of a jet stream is typically a few hundred miles and its vertical thickness often less than three miles. Jet stream winds usually have a speed of 150 to 300 miles per hour, but speeds up to 450 miles per hour have been recorded. In the northern hemisphere jet stream winds blow from west to east but the flow often shifts to the north and south.

11) El Nino is a climate event where a tropical South Pacific ocean current called the Peru Current found around the equator warms a few degrees. It is a convection current, not a storm. An El Nino cycle lasts about one calendar year and occurs about every 3 to 7 years, but they are beginning to happen more often. During an event cycle, ocean temperatures rise a couple degree causing sea levels to rise. Trade winds are weakened and even reversed. Heated water means more precipitation which affects global wind patterns.

12) The Gulf Stream is a strong, fast moving, warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It is generally contains very warm, deep, and narrow currents that carry water from the tropics to the poles. The Gulf Stream, like all other ocean currents is mainly caused by wind as it creates friction when moving over the water. This friction then forces the water to move in the same direction.

Materials Needed For Each Group:

large white paper (11 by 17) colored pencils or markers


Procedures:

Each student should make their own comic strip. No group projects.

Use the concepts above and your notes to answer the conclusion questions at the end.

Write your answers on this packet beside each question.

1) Look at the article on the back of this packet titled “Follow a drop through the water cycle”. It is found on the web site “Water Science for Schools” at:

http://water.usgs.gov/edu/followadrip.html


2) You will draw a cartoon simulating the journey of a drop of water as it goes through all five steps of the water cycle. Plan your cartoon before drawing it. Choose either a funny cartoon (step 4) or a realistic cartoon (step 5).


3) For your final draft, fold a large piece of white paper (at least 11X17 - not notebook paper) into six equal sized sections as shown below.



Do not turn in your rough draft!









4) Make a funny cartoon showing the voyages of a droplet of water as it goes through one complete cycle of the water cycle. Use make believe captions showing your droplet and other characters talking along the way. Use your imagination and be creative, but make sure that you teach real concepts for all five steps of the water cycle such as: water heating for evaporation, water cooling for condensation, runoff, aquifers, etc. Use both sides of your paper. Use one rectangle on each side for a title. You may draw two separate cartoons that are five blocks long, or you may draw one that is 10-11 blocks long. If you need more blocks, you may use additional paper. Make sure that you use color in your comic strip - markers, colored pencils, or pens. You may also use clip art or magazine cutouts. (25 points: includes all 5 steps of the water cycle – 10 points; includes details about each step – 5 points; color – 5 points; neatness – 5 points)


5) Make a realistic drawing of each step of the water cycle. Label and underline each rectangle block with one of the five steps of the water cycle. Explain the terms and concepts for all five steps of the water cycle and include concepts such as: water heating for evaporation, water cooling for condensation, runoff, aquifers, etc. Put a title in the unused rectangle. On the back side of the comic strip, do the exact same thing as before, only use different examples in your drawings. For example, if you used evaporation on one side, use transpiration on the other. If you showed water being stored in a lake on one side, show water being stored in the ocean on the other. If you showed rain as precipitation on one side, show snow on the other side and so on. Make sure that you use color in your comic strip - markers, colored pencils, or pens. You may also use clip art or magazine cutouts. (25 points: includes all 5 steps of the water cycle – 10 points; includes details about each step – 5 points; color – 5 points; neatness – 5 points)


6) Challenger Option: In addition to the five steps of the water cycle, include details about the following topics in your cartoon. Greenhouse Effect, El Nino, Jet Stream, Gulf Stream. (bonus – up to 4 points)


7) Answer the conclusion questions at the end of this packet. Fold your cartoon and staple it behind this packet. Staple it so that the cartoon can be opened up.













Conclusion Questions:


1) Explain why water is a renewable resource. What special physical property of water allows it to move between the four spheres of earth science?





2) What is the difference between a flood and a flash flood?







3) Which step of the water cycle causes most non-point source pollution. Explain. Which kind of water pollution do you think causes the most problems for humans, point source or non-point source? Explain. (2 points)










4) What are the two main differences between evaporation and condensation?





5) Explain how the greenhouse effect works.









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Follow a Drop Through the Water Cycle

YAIR WATER & SPACE LIFE OF A WATER DROPLET ou may be familiar with how water is always cycling around, through, and above the Earth, continually changing from liquid water to water vapor to ice. One way to envision the water cycle is to follow a drop of water around as it moves on its way. I could really begin this story anywhere along the cycle, but I think the ocean is the best place to start, since that is where most of Earth's water is.

If the drop wanted to stay in the ocean then it shouldn't have been sunbathing on the surface of the sea. The heat from the sun found the drop, warmed it, and evaporated it into water vapor. It rose (as tiny "dropettes") into the air and continued rising until strong winds aloft grabbed it and took it hundreds of miles until it was over land. There, warm updrafts coming from the heated land surface took the dropettes (now water vapor) up even higher, where the air is quite cold.

WAIR WATER & SPACE LIFE OF A WATER DROPLET hen the vapor got cold it changed back into it a liquid (the process is condensation). If it was cold enough, it would have turned into tiny ice crystals, such as those that make up cirrus clouds. The vapor condenses on tiny particles of dust, smoke, and salt crystals to become part of a cloud.

After a while our drop combined with other drops to form a bigger drop and fell to the earth as precipitation. Earth's gravity helped to pull it down to the surface. Once it starts falling there are many places for water drops to go. Maybe it would land on a leaf in a tree, in which case it would probably evaporate and begin its process of heading for the clouds again. If it misses a leaf there are still plenty of places to go.

The drop could land on a patch of dry dirt in a flat field. In this case it might sink into the ground to begin its journey down into an underground aquifer as groundwater. The drop will continue moving (mainly downhill) as groundwater, but the journey might end up taking tens of thousands of years until it finds its way back out of the ground. Then again, the drop could be pumped out of the ground via a water well and be sprayed on crops (where it will either evaporate, flow along the ground into a stream, or go back down into the ground). Or the well water containing the drop could end up in a baby's drinking bottle or be sent to wash a car or a dog. From these places, it is back again either into the air, down sewers into rivers and eventually into the ocean, or back into the ground.

But our drop may be a land-lover. Plenty of precipitation ends up staying on the earth's surface to become a component of surface water. If the drop lands in an urban area it might hit your house's roof, go down the gutter and your driveway to the curb. If a dog or squirrel doesn't lap it up it will run down the curb into a storm sewer and end up in a small creek. It is likely the creek will flow into a larger river and the drop will begin its journey back towards the ocean.

If no one interferes, the trip will be fast (speaking in "drop time") back to the ocean, or at least to a lake where evaporation could again take over. But, with billions of people worldwide needing water for most everything, there is a good chance that our drop will get picked up and used before it gets back to the sea.

AAIR WATER & SPACE LIFE OF A WATER DROPLET lot of surface water is used for irrigation. Even more is used by power-production facilities to cool their electrical equipment. From there it might go into the cooling tower to be evaporated. Talk about a quick trip back into the atmosphere as water vapor -- this is it. But maybe a town pumped the drop out of the river and into a water tank. From here the drop could go on to help wash your dishes, fight a fire, water the tomatoes, or (shudder) flush your toilet. Maybe the local steel mill will grab the drop, or it might end up at a fancy restaurant mopping the floor. The possibilities are endless -- but it doesn't matter to the drop, because eventually it will get back into the environment. From there it will again continue its cycle into and then out of the clouds, this time maybe to end up in the water glass of the President of the United States.

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/followadrip.html



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