RANGE LIMITATION OF BLUETOOTH LINKS THE RULE OF THUMB

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Range Limitation of Bluetooth Links

The rule of thumb that I have used in the past for actual Bluetooth links is that the range can be between 10 to 30 m depend on whether there are obstructions in the path from the transmitter to the receiver. That rule of thumb determined the spacing of the nodes in the original design specification document. Modifying the antennae on the transmitter can increase the range to over a mile in some cases. The problem is that most protocols assume some form of acknowledge to the let the sender know the message has arrive. While adding a more effective antenna to the node can increase the range that a mobile handset can receive the message from. The handset often has a lower class of transceiver in its design and therefore does not have the same amount of power to transmit the acknowledgement or control messages back the original transmitting node. Increasing the range beyond 30m would reduce number of nodes per square kilometer and the overall system cost by increasing the distance between nodes in the mesh, but the power available on the handsets to transmit back key control messages limits the ability to implement that increased distance. Reciprocity theory only works if both transmitter and receiver have the same amount of power. This document discusses some of the issues that affect the range of Bluetooth links.

Bluetooth technology is not limited to short-range connections. Typical installation offer three ranges of standard range connectivity, as shown in figure 1.

Device Class	Transmit Power	Intended Range
Class 3	1 mW	less than 10 meters
Class 2	2.5 mW	10 meters, 33 feet
Class 1	100 mW	100 meters, 328 feet

Figure 1. Bluetooth device transmitter classes ¹

“With class 1 Bluetooth devices transmitting at 100mW, which have a standard range of approximately 100 meters or 328 feet, range is comparable to that of a WiFi 802.11b WLAN device. Class 1 devices are most commonly implemented in devices where power is plentiful, such as laptop and desktop systems.” ²

“Since Bluetooth devices operate in the 2.4 GHz spectrum, they use the same commodity antennas designed for WLAN devices. While vendors don't design Bluetooth dongles with external antenna connectors, some Bluetooth dongles such as the Linksys USBBT100 can be modified to accommodate an external antenna connector. By soldering on an external antenna cable, the range of a Bluetooth Class 1 dongle can be extended, allowing an attacker to connect to class 2 devices (intended for a range of 10 meters) from a range of over a mile,” ³

“According to a Cnet.com April 2013 article, signal strength ratings are as follows: 0 to -60 is good; -61 to -70 is okay; -71 to -90 is poor; and less than -90 is bad.” ⁴

Bluetooth v2.1	Bluetooth low energy (BLE)
Range	up to 100 meters	up to 100 meters
Max Range (free field)	Around 100 m  (class 2 outdoors)	Around 100 m  (outdoors)
Frequency	2.402 – 2.481 GHz	2.402 – 2.481 GHz
Max data rate	1-3 Mbit/s	1 Mbit/s
Application throughput	0.7-2.1 Mbit/s	Up to 305 kbit/s
Topologies	Point-to-point, scatternet	Point-to-point, mesh network
Network Standard	IEEE 802.15.1	IEEE 802.15.1

Comparison table for Bluetooth ranges. Figure 2 ⁵

“Range depends on surroundings, radio performance and antennas

There are many factors affecting Bluetooth range, typically:

• The output power of the transmitter

• The sensitivity of the receiver

• Physical obstacles in the transmission path

• The antennas” ⁶

“Specifying distances for Bluetooth devices is not prudent, as distances achieved depend very much on the environment. However, in tests at Brain Boxes labs we have achieved distances of over 200m with line of sight and 30-35m in a typical office environment. This is for data transfer, not voice.” ⁷

“Among different Bluetooth specifications, there are 2 most popular classes (types) of devices:

Class 1: range up to 100 meters (in most cases 20-30 meters)

Class 2: range up to 30 meters (in most cases 5-10 meters)

Additional facts:

the range depends not only on the transmitter, but also on the mobile phone which is receiving files;

• the range depends on atmospheric, geographic, urban conditions (vendors provide the best achievable range in perfect conditions)

• the bigger range, the slower transmission speed;

• Class 1 devices might be boosted to work on a better range (like 200 meters), however you should not believe it is possible to broadcast files (in a Bluetooth marketing sense) to mobile phones over 1000 meters range, as some vendors suggest” ⁸

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Tags: bluetooth links, your bluetooth, bluetooth, range, links, thumb, limitation

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