INDIANS OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BASIN REGION JUMANO TRIBE

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INDIANS OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BASIN REGION JUMANO TRIBE
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Indians of the Mountain and Basin Region

Jumano Tribe

The Jumano were a very large tribe. The Jumano built permanent homes made of wood and adobe bricks, which they made by drying clay mud in the sun. The roofs were flat and were made from tree branches. They would paint the inside walls with black, red, white, red, and yellow stripes. They built their homes along the Rio Grande River. This region is dry and rugged, but they still managed to grow crops of corn because they would place their farming fields near the river. They also gathered wild plants and hunted buffalo with bows and arrows. The buffalo was important to them because they would make tools and clothes, then they would trade goods with other Indian tribes, just like we use money today. They would also make jewelry from copper, coral, and turquoise, which they would also trade. They painted their faces with striped lines and wore clothing and shoes made from buffalo skin. They wore their hair in certain ways. The women wore their hair long and tied to the head. The men have their hair cut very short, up to the middle of their heads, and from their up they leave it two fingers long and curl it. Then, they would paint it so it looked like they were wearing a cap and placed black and white feathers on top. The Jumano were eventually attacked by the violent apache tribes, faced a drought (lack of rain), and died from diseases brought by the Europeans.

INDIANS OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BASIN REGION JUMANO TRIBE

Indians of the Coastal Plains Region

Caddo Tribe

T INDIANS OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BASIN REGION JUMANO TRIBE he Caddo Indians were expert farmers, so they did not move from place to place. The Central Plains provided them with good soil and a lot of rain, so they were able to grow many crops. They would set aside seeds each year, so they could replant the same crops again the next year. They burned forests so they would have land to grow crops. They grew beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds, and tobacco. Both, women and men farmed the land. They made hoes from wood and the shoulder blades of buffalo. Because farming was so good, they built homes that lasted. The men built houses with mud. Women cleaned the houses and gathered wild plants. Men also hunted buffalo and deer with bows and arrows. They were a very large group, so they had their own government. When problems would arise, the tribes would come together and solve the problem. Unlike we do today, the children took the name of the mother’s side instead of the father. Women also ran the household and made important decisions for the family. Because it was colder in this region, the Caddo wore clothing made from buffalo skin. They also painted their bodies. They became an important part of Texas history.

Karankawa Tribe

T INDIANS OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BASIN REGION JUMANO TRIBE he Karankawa lived along the Texas coast. The Karankawa were nomads, or people who moved from place to place. They hunted sea turtles, fished, and collected shellfish. They hunted deer, bird’s eggs, and small animals. The Gulf Coast has hot summers and mild winters, so some men did not wear anything and others wore cloth made from deerskin or grass. Women wore skirts made of the same material. They painted themselves with bright colors. In order to keep insects away, they covered themselves with alligator fat and dirt. They built wigwams, or circular huts from bent poles covered with animal skins and reed mats. The Karankawa treated their children with kindness. They had two names, one of which was known only to close family members. When explorers came from other lands, they brought diseases that killed the Karankawa at an alarming rate. By the mid 1800’s there were none left.

Coahuiltecan Tribe

T INDIANS OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BASIN REGION JUMANO TRIBE he Coahuiltecan were hunters and gathers. That means they hunted for their food and gathered food from plants and trees. The Gulf Coast was too hot and dry for farming. They were also nomads which means they moved from place to place . They were in search for buffalo, deer, and small animals. They also fished and ate ant eggs, lizards, snakes, and worms. They did not make permanent homes because they moved around a lot. They used animal skins placed on top of tree branches to make a home. The men wore very little clothing and women and some men also wore skirts made of grass and deerskin. They wore their hair long down to their waist. The Coahuiltecan tribe also died out because of diseases brought by explorers.

Indians of Central Plains

Comanche Tribe

INDIANS OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BASIN REGION JUMANO TRIBE The Comanche were known as great hunters and fighters. They were nomads who moved across the great central plains of Texas. They followed the paths of the buffalo herds, hunting them for food and supplies. They relied on the buffalo for everything they needed: clothing, food, and tools. The Comanche lived in tepees made of buffalo hides that were easy to move as they hunted across the plains. After the Spanish brought horses to North America, the Comanche became some of the first Native Americans to ride them. With horses, the Comanche were able to take over more and more territory across the central plains, often defeating other Native American tribes. They traveled in bands following one leader. In order to better defeat enemies, the bands would often unite together under one war chief. During times of peace, the Comanche would trade with other tribes such as the Caddo and Wichita for food and other supplies.

Wichita Tribe

T INDIANS OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BASIN REGION JUMANO TRIBE he Wichita lived along rivers and creeks, where they grew beans, corn, melons, and squash. They used horses to hunt buffalo and deer. They also lived in permanent homes. Their homes were made from poles and dry grass. The houses were large enough to fit 8 to 10 people. The Wichita used tattoos and made unusual designs. Women drew circles around their eyes and lines from their lips to their chins. Men tattooed their eyelids and drew a short line at the corner of each eye. This made them look like raccoons.

Indians of Great Plains

Tonkawa Tribe

T INDIANS OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BASIN REGION JUMANO TRIBE he Tonkawa depended on buffalo for their food, clothing and shelter. They were hunter-gathers. They hunted small animals, like rabbits, snakes, and skunks. They gathered berries, fruits, and nuts. They wore clothing made from buffalo skins. The men wore their hair long and parted in the middle. The women wore their hair either long or short. The Tonkawa also pointed their bodies. They were eventually driven away by the Apache tribe. They tried to farm, but were not successful. They eventually died out.

Apache Tribe

T INDIANS OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BASIN REGION JUMANO TRIBE here are two types of Apache tribes. One is the Lipan and the other is Mescalero. They traveled, hunted, and fought together. They had leaders, called chiefs. They were skilled at riding horses. They worked together to kill a buffalo. They surrounded herds and used bows and arrows to kill them. They also used the buffalo for other tools. For example, if they needed to cross a river, they stretched the hides over branches to make tub-shaped boats. It was not typical for Plains Indians to farm, however the Lipan Apache farmed crops like beans, corn, pumpkins, and watermelons. They would cut their hair very short on the left side and leave it long on the right. They plucked out all of their beard and eyebrow hair. Both, men and women wore earrings. Women wore copper bracelets. They were a violent tribe. They would attack the other tribes for their goods. They became feared throughout Texas. The arrival of the Comanche soon caused them to die out. They also died from diseases brought from Europeans.

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