WHERE ARE THE SALMON WHEN? GENERALIZED LIFE HISTORY PATTERNS

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GENERALIZED LIFE HISTORY PATTERNS



WHERE ARE THE SALMON, WHEN?

GENERALIZED LIFE HISTORY PATTERNS OF SALMON, STEELHEAD, AND TROUT IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST *


ADULTS RETURN SPAWNING EGGS IN YOUNG FRESHWATER YOUNG MIGRATE TIME SPENT TIME SPENT ADULT TO STREAMS LOCATION GRAVEL** IN STREAM HABITAT DOWNSTREAM IN ESTUARY IN OCEAN WEIGHT(avg)

FROM OCEAN

COHO Oct-Jan coastal streams, Oct-May 1+ years tributaries, main Mar-July (2nd year) few days 2 years 5-20 lb (8)

shallow tributaries stem side channels,

slack water


CHUM Sept -Jan coastal rivers and Sept-Mar days-weeks little time spent shortly after 7-14 days 2.5-3 years 8-12 lb (10)

streams, lower in freshwater young leave

reaches gravel


CHINOOK main stem-- large main stem--large days-months 2-5 years

and small rivers and small rivers

Spring run Jan-July July- Jan 1+ year Mar-July (2nd year) 10-20 lb (15)

Summer run June-mid Aug Sept-Nov 1+ year Spring (2nd year) 10-30 lb (14)

Fall run Aug-March Sept-Mar 3 - 7 months April-June (2nd year) 15-40 lb

CUTTHROAT July-Dec tiny tributaries Dec-July 1-3 years tributaries Mar-June less than a month 0.5 -1 year 0.5-4 lb (1)

(Coastal- Sea Run) of coastal streams (2 avg) (of 2nd-4th yr)


PINK July-Oct main stem of large Aug-Jan days-weeks little time spent Dec-May few days 1.5 years 3-10 lb (4) and small streams, in freshwater tributaries, lower reaches

SOCKEYE July-Aug streams, usually Aug-April 1-3 years lakes April-June few days 1 - 4 years 3-8 lb (6)

near lakes (of 2nd-4th yr)

STEELHEAD*** tributaries and small tributaries less than a month 1 - 4 years

streams and rivers

winter Nov-June Feb-July 1 - 3 years March-June (of 2nd-5th yr) 5-28 (8)

spring Feb-June Dec-May 1- 2 years Spring & Summer (of 3rd-4th yr) 5-20

summer June-Oct (Columbia), F eb-June 1 - 2 years March-June (of 3rd-5th yr) 5-30 (8)

April-Nov (coastal) Feb-July 1 - 3 years March-June (of 2nd-5th yr)



* There is much variation in life history patterns--each stream system having fish with their own unique timing and patterns of spawning, growth, and migration.

Ask a local biologist about the specific patterns of the fish in your streams and update this chart for your area.

** The eggs of most salmonids take 3-5 months to hatch at the preferred water temperature of 50-55 degrees F; Steelhead eggs can hatch in 2 months.

*** Steelhead, unlike salmon and cutthroat trout, may not die after spawning. They can migrate back out to sea and return in later years to spawn again.


Adapted by Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission. Sources: Ocean Ecology of North Pacific Salmonids, Bill Pearcy, University of Washington Press, 1992 Fisheries Handbook of Engineering Requirements and Biological Criteria, Milo Bell, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1986; Adopting A Stream; A Northwest Handbook, Steve Yates, Adopt-A Stream Foundation, 1988.


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