UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION TO WHAT EXTENT DID RUSSIA’S COMMUNIST

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LIFE IN CZARIST (TSARIST) RUSSIA

Unit Essential Question: To what extent did Russia’s communist revolution differ from previous political revolutions in Europe?

Aim: What conditions made revolution in Russia inevitable?

Nobility

Clergy

Intellectuals

(Intelligentsia)

Peasants

UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION TO WHAT EXTENT DID RUSSIA’S COMMUNIST

LIFE IN CZARIST (TSARIST) RUSSIA

UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION TO WHAT EXTENT DID RUSSIA’S COMMUNIST

The Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity, as known as Russian Orthodoxy, was established in the tenth century. Since then it has been the dominant force in Russian society. Similar to the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy is based on sacred rituals and saints. From the beginning, the Orthodox Church functioned with many levels of rank ranging from archbishops to bishops (at the top) to village priests (at the bottom). In the 1800s, life in Russia still revolved around church rituals, such as weekly mass (worship service) and numerous religious holidays throughout the year. Consequently, the priest was a central figure in both the cities and in Russian villages.

Monks lived a simple life centered around prayer and study of the bible. Marriage, dinking, alcohol, and eating meat were forbidden. Monasteries also owned land, and most monks worked in fields just as peasants did. The Russian people respected monks as sources of learning and spiritual power. Monks were believed to perform miracles and many people visited monasteries seeking healing and advice. Some monasteries even ran hospitals and orphanages. Archbishops, bishops, and other high church officials were elite priests who left monastery life to help run the church on other places.

What continuities existed in Czarist Russia for the clergy?

Being a member of the clergy, what changes (if any) would you make to Russia?

L IFE IN CZARIST (TSARIST) RUSSIA

About 90 percent of Russians in the late 1800s were peasant farmers whose difficult way of life had remained largely unchanged for centuries. Traditionally, Russian commoners were serfs (Servants who farm someone else’s land or pay rent to be allowed to farms some of the land for their own livelihood). Serfs had no legal rights, could not own land, and were not free to move. Although serfdom officially ended in 1861, peasants were taxed heavily and had limited access to land, so most peasant families continued to live in constant poverty well in the 1900s.

Peasants also held a near religious devotion to the czar, who seemed to some peasants as nearly as powerful and awesome as God. The peasants referred to the land as Mother Russia (matushka) and czar as their father (batiushka). Many peasants thought of the czar as a father who would help them “if only he know how we suffered” at the hands of the landlords and the tax collectors.

What continuities existed in Czarist Russia for the peasants in the latter half of the

1800s?

Being a peasant, what changes would you want to make in Czarist Russia?

LIFE IN CZARIST (TSARIST) RUSSIA

UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION TO WHAT EXTENT DID RUSSIA’S COMMUNIST

During the 1800s, the czar and the Russian nobility, which compromised 1 percent of the population, controlled much of the land and wealth in Russia, The czar and his family lived a life of incredible luxury and extravagance. The czar personally owned millions of acres of land, over one million serfs (servants who work for the czar or noble in exchange for land to farm), and dozens of palaces throughout the empire. The imperial collections of art and jewelry filled several private museums. The czar could do anything he wished with these resources. For example, Czar Alexander II built a private railway to connect his palace in St. Petersburg with his palace in Moscow. Czar Alexander III also kept thousands of acres of land set aside for his private hunting parties.

Czar Peter the great established the tradition in the early 1700s that all Russians owed service to the government. Nobles generally served as military officers or government officials for at least a few years. The government gave them money, land, and serfs (until 1861) for their services. As land became more scarce more and more nobles sought careers in the military or government. Despite their wealth and status, Russian nobles held little political power. The nobility always had power at the local level, but the czar retained absolute authority over the Russian empire as a whole.

What continuities existed in Czarist Russia for the nobility?

Being a member of the nobility, what changes would you make in Czarist Russia, if any?

L IFE IN CZARIST (TSARIST) RUSSIA

During the 1800s the czar was all-powerful and extremely wealthy while 90 percent of the population was poor and powerless. As the century passed, however, more and more educated individuals began to write and talk about ways to improve Russia. This small class of educated thinkers and their students became known as the intelligentsia, or intellectuals. While most early intellectuals came from the nobility and played an active role in the Czarist government, later intellectual groups were dominated by revolutionaries who were political activists working against the government. Many students joined societies of intellectuals who met regularly to discuss new ideas and their meaning for Russia. These organizations of intellectuals met in the cafes, parks, and taverns in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

While most intellectuals believed that Russia needed to change, they did not agree on what kind of change was needed or how to bring it about. In the late 1840s, two small groups of the intellectuals from the nobility formed to discuss how Russia should modernize.

By the 1870s, some intellectual groups, formed by the members of the middle class, believed that the czar and the nobility had controlled and exploited (taken advantage of) the peasants for too long. They formed resistance organizations that actively opposed the czar and the government.

What caused the rise of the intellectual groups?

Do you think the resistance organizations would be successful? Why or why not?

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