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Sedimentary Rock Identification

Sedimentary Rock Identification


Introduction:

Sedimentary rocks are formed from accumulated sediments. Most sedimentary rocks are formed from materials that have been deposited in calm water. Often some of the characteristics of the sediments are retained in sedimentary rocks. Geologists have classified the sedimentary rocks into three groups: clastic, chemical, and organic. See the “Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification” in your Earth Science Reference Tables.


Objectives: When you have completed this investigation, you should be able to:


  1. Recognize sedimentary type rocks and

  2. Identify several common sedimentary rocks.


Materials:


Conglomerate Halite Sandstone

Shale Chemical Limestone Coquina

Magnifying Lens Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Bituminous Coal


Procedure: There are clues written into the directions. Read carefully to find the clues.


  1. Your team will receive a set of sedimentary rocks. By carefully observing the samples and discussing them with your team, divide the samples into 3 groups according to the chart below:


Group 1

Clastic

Those which contain round or angular pebbles and fragments of other rocks, or sand size grains or very fine grains or flakes

Group 2

Chemical

Those which contain crystals which you can see with or without a magnifying lens; or is monomineralic; or often looks like it has layers.

Group 3

Organic

Those which contain tiny visible shells or which look like coral

  1. Raise your hand and wait patiently until your teacher can get to your team to check your groupings. If your groupings are right, go on to step 3. If your groupings are wrong, try again.

  2. Start with Group 1. Record clastic in the Report sheet in the “Clastic, Chemical or Organic” column for each sample in Group 1.

  3. For each sample of that group, determine and record the composition. Choose from the following compositions:


Silicate

Those that contain fragments of quartz, feldspar, mica or other silicate minerals. You may be able to see pieces of sand or pebbles.

Carbon

Those that contain carbon from plant remains. These will probably make a blackish mark on your paper.

Evaporite

Those that contain minerals that were left when water evaporated. There may be very small crystals giving it a finer texture.

Carbonate

Those that contain calcite from animal remains (like bones or shells). The calcite will bubble and fuzz when hydrochloric acid is added. Raise your hand when you think you need to do the acid test. You must explain to your teacher what observations you made that made you think it was a carbonate.

Evaporite or Carbonate

Can be formed either by evaporation or from organic remains.


  1. For each sample of the same group, record the method of lithification. Lithification refers to the process by which loose sediments are changed into solid sedimentary rocks. Carefully, with lots of thought, chose from the following methods of lithification: YOU MUST RECORD ALL OF THE WORDS IN BOLD PRINT!!!


Precipitation from evaporating water

When water evaporated, the minerals that were dissolved settled to the bottom.

Compaction and cementation of marine derived sediments

When sea animals die, their shells settle to the bottom and eventually are packed tightly together are cemented or “glued”

Compactionn and cementation of land derived sediments

When broken pieces of rock (sediments and fragments) are packed together and are cemented of “glued”

Compaction and cementation of organic material

When plants die, their remains are packed together and are cemented or “glued”


  1. Identify each sample in Group 1 using the following clues and record. Each rock name is used only once. Some names will not be used.

    Bituminous Coal = organic; composed of carbon; formed by compaction and cementation of organic material.

    Conglomerate = clastic; composed of silicate; formed by compaction and cementation of LARGE land derived sediments.

    Coquina = organic; carbonate; formed by compaction and cementation of marine derived sediments; will bubble and fizz when hydrochloric acid is added.

    Halite (rock salt)= chemical; evaporite or carbonate; formed by precipitation from evaporating water; will bubble and fizz when hydrochloric acid is added.

    Limestone= chemical; ecaporite or carbonate; formed by precipitation from evaporating water, will bubble and fizz when hydrochloric acid is added.

    Sandstone = clastic; silicate; formed by compaction and cementation of SAND SIZED land derived sediments.

    Shale = clastic; silicate; formed by compaction and cementation of MICROSCOPIC land derived sediments.

  2. When you think you have identified all of Group 1, raise your hand and wait patiently for your teacher to get to your team. If all of your identification are correct, go on to step 8. If your identification are not correct, repeat steps 4 through 7.

  3. Do Group 2 by recording chemical on the Report Sheet in the “Clastic, Chemical or Organic” column for each sample in Group 2.

  4. Repeat steps 4 through 7 for each sample in Group 2.

  5. Do Group 3 by recording chemical on the Report Sheet in the “Clastic, Chemical or Organic” column for each sample in Group 3.

  6. Repeat steps 4 through 7 for each sample in Group 3.

  7. It is the responsibility of your team to wipe off your tabletop and to properly put the materials away.

  8. Complete the lab report.


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