ENGLISH LINGUISTICS (PHONOLOGY) WEEK 2 ENGLISH LINGUISTICS (PHONOLOGY) LECTURE

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JPN 440/540: Japanese Phonology and Morphology

English Linguistics (Phonology) Week 2

English Linguistics (Phonology)

Lecture Notes

Week 2: Phonems & Distinctive Features of Phonemes

Course Website: http://www.f.waseda.jp/tharada/phonology/index.htm

Source: Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2006). An Introduction to Language (8^th ed). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth.

Review: Japanese & English Vowels

J [i] （いと）= similar to E [i] (e.g., eat), but the lips are not spread.

J [e] （えき）= slightly higher than E [ɛ] (e.g., egg).

J [a] （あく）= similar to E [ɑ:] (e.g., arc), but J [a] is more forward.

J [o] （おと）= similar to E [ɔ:] (e.g., ought), but J [o] is somewhat higher and slightly more front.

J [ɯ] （うち）= less rounded and more front than E [u] (e.g., cool)

Phonemes/allophones

はなひなふな

hana hina huna

かなみなつな

kana mina tsuna

time style better cat

[t^h]^¹ [t] [ɾ] [t̚]

Allophone（異音） = an actual phonetic realization. The allophones of a phoneme form a set of sounds that:

1) do not change the meaning of a word (noncontrastive): whether or not to form a minimal pair: two different words that differ in one sound.

2) are all very similar to one another (phonetic similarity)

3) occur in phonetic contexts different from one another (complimentary distribution): where allophones occur can be predictable

Phoneme（音素） = an abstract unit that serves as a contrastive unit

Complimentary Distribution（相補分布）

	before /i/	before /u/	elsewhere
[ç]	X
[ɸ]		X
[h]			X

Phonemic and allophonic transcription

Phonemic transcription = a general transcription of a phoneme: / /

Allophonic transcription = the detailed transcription of allophones: [ ]

Example:

Phonemic transcription: /ha/, /hi/, /hu/, /he/, /ho/

Phonetic transcription: [ha], [çi], [ɸɯ], [he], [ho]

Distinctive Features of Phonemes（音素の弁別的特徴）

We are generally not aware of the phonetic properties or features that distinguish the phonemes of our language.
When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature or equivalently, a phonemic feature.

Feature Values

Plus (+): the presence of a single feature
Minus (-): the absence of a single feature
The phonetic and phonemic symbols are cover symbols for sets of distinctive features.
Phones and phonemes are composed of phonetic features.
Example: An explicit description of the phonemes /p/, /b/, and /m/ may be given in a feature matrix as follows:

	p	b	m
Stop	+	+	+
Labial	+	+	+
Voiced	-	+	+
Nasal	-	-	+

A phonetic feature is distinctive when the + value of that feature in certain words contrasts with the – value of that feature in other words (e.g., pat, bat, mat).

Nondistinctive Features（非弁別的特徴）

パパいっぱい

たこはたはった

かたはかみっか

pin spin hip

When a feature is predictable by rule for a certain class of sounds, the feature is a nondistinctive or redundant or predictable feature for that class.

Thai: voiceless unaspirated stops vs. voiceless aspirated stops

Voiceless unaspirated: [paa] forest [tam] to pound [kat] to bite

Voiceless aspirated: [p^haa] to split [t^ham] to do [k^hat] to interrupt

	p	t	k	p^h	t^h	k^h
Stop	+	+	+	+	+	+
Labial	+	-	-	+	-	-
Velar	-	-	+	-	-	+
Voiced	-	-	-	-	-	-
Aspirated	-	-	-	+	+	+

Two languages may have the same phonetic segments (phones) but have two different phonemic systems. In other words, the same phonetic segments function differently in the two languages. (Aspiration is a distinctive feature in Thai, but it is a nondistinctive feature in both English and Japanese.)

Major Phonetic Classes

Obstruents: the non-nasal stops, the fricatives, and the affricates form a major class of sounds called obstruents. The airstream may be fully obstructed or partially obstructed.

Sonorants: Sonorants are produced with relatively free airflow through either the mouth or nose. They have greater acoustic energy than obstruents.

ENGLISH LINGUISTICS (PHONOLOGY) WEEK 2 ENGLISH LINGUISTICS (PHONOLOGY) LECTURE

「いた」「あさり」

Consonantal

Labials: Labial sounds are those articulated with the involvement of the lips: [p, b, m, f, v].
Coronals: Coronal sounds are articulated by raising the tongue blade: [θ, ð, t, d, n, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, l, r].
Anteriors: Anterior sounds are consonants produced in the front part of the mouth, that is, from the alveolar area forward: [p, b, m, f, v, θ, ð, t, d, n, s, z].
Sibilants: Sibilants are characterized by an acoustic rather than an articulatory property: [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ]. The friction created by sibilants produces a hissing sound, which is a mixture of high frequency sounds.

Syllabic Sounds: Syllabic sounds may function as the core of a syllable. Vowels are syllabic, and liquids and nasals can also be syllabic: faker [feikr̩], rhythm [rɪðm̩], button [bʌtn̩].

Tense vs. Lax Vowels

Tense vowels have a slightly higher tongue position than lax vowels, and are produced with greater tension of the tongue muscles than lax vowels.

Tense vowels ([i, e, u, o]) may occur at the end of words: [si], [seɪ], [su], [soʊ].
Lax vowels ([ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ]) mostly do not occur at the ends of words: *[sɪ], *[sɛ], *[sʊ], *[sʌ].

Natural Classes of Speech Sounds (the same classes of sounds)（自然類）

A natural class is a group of sounds described by a small number of distinctive features such as [-voiced], [-continuant], which describe /p/, /t/, /k/, and /tʃ/.
Feature specification of major natural classes of sounds:

Features	Obstruents	Nasals	Liquids	Glides	Vowels
Consonantal	+	+	+	-	-
Sonorant	-	+	+	+	+
Syllabic	-	+/-	+/-	-	+
Nasal	-	+	-	-	+/-

Note: The presence of +/- indicates that the sound may or may not possess a feature depending on its context.

Questions

Using the following data and consider /t/ in Japanese.

tako tika tuki teko toki

tate tiku tunami tema tomi

tama tigai tumi teki tonai

How many allophones does a phoneme /t/ have?
Describe each allophone in terms of voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.
What is the phonetic environment in which each allophone appears?

1 Voice onset time (VOT), which often corresponds to the duration of aspiration, is defined as the time between the release of a stop and the onset of voicing of the following vowel, and is one of the most important cues for distinguishing voiced from voiceless stops.

ENGLISH LINGUISTICS (PHONOLOGY) WEEK 2 ENGLISH LINGUISTICS (PHONOLOGY) LECTURE

Tetsuo Harada 4

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