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9) Erkläre, ob die Integration erfolgreich war oder nicht

Gruppo 1 - seconda domanda - Millo Devescovi

9) L’ integrazione è riuscita oppure no?

OLTREOCEANO

Dopo la seconda guerra mondiale quasi 29 milioni di italiani decisero di emigrare all’ estero per costruirsi una nuova vita, scegliendo paesi in via di sviluppo come Argentina, America e Canada.

Gli italiani che emigrarono provenivano in gran parte dal nord e dal sud Italia, erano di origine contadina e, una volta all’ estero, continuarono a coltivare i campi. Gli italiani costituivano anche un’ importante risorsa di manodopera e contribuirono alla realizzazione di nuovi edifici ed imprese industriali.

ARGENTINA - sì

Nel 1863 gli italiani acquistarono fondi.
Nel 1865 l’ Argentina anticipò le spese del viaggio agli immigranti italiani per attirarli nel loro paese, affinché poi potessero disporre di braccianti agricoli e latifondisti.
Nel secondo dopoguerra, tra il presidente Peròn e il governo De Gasperi vengono siglati due Trattati bilaterali (1947-1948), nei quali la crescente richiesta di manodopera per il progetto argentino di sviluppo economico incontra l’orientamento politico italiano, che vede nell’emigrazione una valvola di drenaggio per il surplus di forza lavoro. In 5 anni (1947-51) partono 300.000 Italiani, e l’Argentina raccoglie da sola oltre il 50% del flusso diretto oltreoceano; nel 1949, anno in cui si raggiunge il picco di arrivi, l’Argentina risulta al primo posto in assoluto tra i paesi di destinazione.
Nel 1950 gli italiani erano ormai ben integrati ed avevano anche fondato un proprio giornale; le uniche lotte avvennero tra i vecchi ed i nuovi emigranti italiani sulle vecchie e nuove ideologie politiche.

CANADA - sì

In Canada l’ integrazione fu una delle meglio riuscite. Nel 1971, il Canada fu il primo stato che adottò ufficialmente il multiculturalismo, affermando così «Il Canada afferma così il valore e la dignità di tutti i cittadini, indipendentemente dalle origini razziali ed etniche, lingua o religione».

La lingua italiana è oggi la terza lingua parlata in Canada e la prima delle non ufficiali, questo dimostra come l’ integrazione abbia avuto successo.

AUSTRALIA - sì

Molti italiani sono ritornati in Italia, ma la comunità italiana resta tuttora quella di lingua non inglese più ampia.
Il censimento del 1996 dimostrò come 23.000 vivessero a Perth, e 200.000 in Australia.
Molti emigranti italiani erano contadini e pastori, e continuarono a fare il loro lavoro anche una volta trasferiti. Iniziarono l’ industria vinicola, ancora proficua, ed i pastori allevarono le pecore e producevano una buona lana.

AMERICA - sì e no

L’ America vedeva gli emigranti come una risorsa di manodopera, tuttavia le politiche per l’ accettazione erano durissime e molti uomini erano rispediti nel vecchio Continente; lo sbarco e la selezione dei nuovi americani avvenivano ad Ellis Island, che infatti è detta «isola delle lacrime».
Gli italiani crearono un loro quartiere, il «Little Italy», per aiutarsi a vicenda tra connazionali e poter mantenere le loro tradizioni. Questo dimostra tuttavia come l’ integrazione non sia perfettamente riuscita.

VENEZUELA - no

Inizialmente il Venezuela accolse volentieri gli italiani, gli operai qualificati contribuirono alla realizzazione di nuovi edifici e nell’ industria del petrolio. Verso gli anni ’70 però, i nativi iniziarono un movimento di xenofobia verso gli italiani, picchiandoli e maltrattandoli, e gli italiani ritornarono in patria.




9) Erkläre, ob die Integration erfolgreich war oder nicht


Sitografia:


www.emigrati.it
www.consultanazionaleemigrati.it

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg emigrierten fast 29 Millionen Italiener ins Ausland, um sich ein neues Leben aufzubauen, und sie wählten gut entwickelten Ländern wie Argentinien, Amerika und Kanada.
Die Italiener kamen hauptsächlich aus Nord-und Süditalien, waren bäuerlicher Herkunft, und machten im Ausland ihre Arbeit weiter, sie bebauten zum Beispiel Felder. Die italienischen Arbeitskräfte waren auch wichtig im Bauwesen. 


Nach Übersee

ARGENTINIEN


Im Jahre 1863 kauften viele Italiener Großgrundbesitze.
1865 erließen die Argentinier den italienischen Migranten die Reisekosten, weil Argentinien sehr an einer Zuwanderung der italienischen Landarbeiter interessiert war. 
Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden zwischen Italien und Argentinien zwei Verträge verfasst, wodurch die wachsende Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften mittels des Projektes der „argentinischen Wirtschaftsentwicklung“ zum Ausdruck kam. 
Für Italien war dieses Abkommen wie ein „Ablassventil für überschüssige Arbeitskräfte“.
In 5 Jahren (1947-1951) wanderten 300.000 Italiener aus, 50% davon nach Argentinien.
Als die meisten Italiener Argentinien erreichten, war es bereits eines der beliebtesten Zieländer von Auswanderen.
Schon 1950 waren die Italiener gut integriert und hatten auch ihre eigene Zeitung.
Das einzige Problem waren die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den alten und den neuen italienischen Migranten untereinander aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen politischen Einstellung.


KANADA

In Kanada war die Integration eine der erfolgreichsten. Im Jahr 1971 war Kanada der erste Staat, der sich offiziell zum Multikulturalismus bekannte:  "Kanada meint, dass der Wert und die Würde aller Bürger, unabhängig von Rasse und ethnischer Herkunft, Sprache oder Religion sein sollten."

Italienisch ist heute die dritte offizielle und die erste inoffizielle Sprache. Dies beweist, wie erfolgreich die Integration dort war.

AUSTRALIEN

Obwohl in den letzten Jahren viele italienische Auswanderer wieder nach Italien zurückgekommen sind, sind sie immer noch die größte, nicht englischsprachige Gemeinschaft in Australien.

Viele italienische Emigranten waren Bauern und Hirten und sind es auch heute noch. Sie begannen Wein anzubauen. Viele wurden Schafzüchter.


AMERIKA

Für die Amerikaner waren die Migranten zwar Arbeitskräfte, aber sie akzeptierten sie nur sehr schwer und viele Männer wurden wieder nach Europa zurückgeschickt. Ellis Island war der Ort, an dem darüber entschieden wurde. In der Tat wird sie als "Insel der Tränen» bezeichnet.
Die Italiener schufen ihre eigenen Bezirke, wie "Little Italy", um einander zu helfen und ihre Sitten und Gebräuche beizubehalten. Die Integration ist also in Amerika nicht gut gelungen.



VENEZUELA

In den ersten Jahren waren die Italiener dort willkommen; sie bauten neue Gebäude und arbeiteten in der Erdölindustrie. In den siebziger Jahren kam es zu den ersten Episoden an Fremdenfeindlichkeit gegen die Italiener. Sie wurden oft geschlagen oder misshandelt und so kehrten viele in ihre Heimat zurück.

Italienische Staatsbürger, die im Ausland ansässig sind. Die ersten 5 Herkunftsländer in den ersten 25 Zielländern. (2006)

GRUPPO 1 SECONDA DOMANDA MILLO DEVESCOVI 9)


GRUPPO 1 SECONDA DOMANDA MILLO DEVESCOVI 9) Little Italy in New York

























Question 9: Explain if the different subgroups / ethnic groups have been able to integrate or not.


AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR:
With the end of The Second World War a new phase of substantial increase in migration flows began worldwide.
After The Second World War and the decolonization process, a growing stream of immigrants poured into the European countries. The structural lack of manpower led the European economies to open their national labor markets and to accept the immigration of unskilled workers who had some cultural or historical connection with the societies of immigration. These migrations were characterized by a strong male presence.

While in the decades before the First World War the flows of workers had been directed to a few industrialized regions of Europe and came mainly from the neighboring countries, in the years of reconstruction and development after the Second World War much larger areas were affected by flows of workers from the colonies which were gradually conquering their independence.
In this way, the traditional north-south direction of migrations was reversed, setting the stage for a change in interethnic relationships.
Given the increased integration between state and economy, the need of manpower for the reconstruction and development led the countries of North-West Europe to undertake the task of promoting and facilitating the influx of workers from abroad, developing a model which can be defined as competitive bilateralism.
They stipulated a series of bilateral treaties with the main countries
of origin of the workforce (Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey).
Italy, the main country of emigration in that period, signed the first agreement of recruitment in 1946, and agreements with all major European countries of immigration followed.

Britain was initially characterized by a liberal legislation of welcoming immigrants, due to its strict relationships with its colonies and Commonwealth countries.
France was the first to declare their need for foreign workers. It promoted the migration of families, supporting therefore a definite policy of long-term immigration. Through the extension of rights and duties of citizenship to immigrants, France pursued the goal of assimilation.
The migration of population to France was one of two models of European migration policies of that period.

Opposed to the French model was that of immigration “temporary migration” prevalent in Germany, which supported the temporary nature of the phenomenon.
The Federal Republic of Germany needed manpower for the reconstruction. Initially, this need was met by refugees and displaced Germans who, because of the shifting of borders to the west, came from the regions of Central and Eastern Europe. Until 1961 the Federal Republic of Germany received an average of 200,000 Übersiedler (Germans from the GDR) year.
This flow, starting from 1961, was reduced to an average of less than 25,000 entries annually. For this reason, since the second half of the fifties Germany began to turn to the countries of Mediterranean Europe (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Yugoslavia, Turkey), developing the so-called system of "guest workers" (guest workers) . Since the fifties, Germany HAS never ever called itSELF a "country of
immigration ", but has always preferred the phrases “extended stay” and “temporary foreign workers."

MODELS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION:
In terms of host countries, we can identify different
cultural patterns that originate different policies of social integration regarding the degree of integration between the national identity and the identity of the migrants. The concept of "integration" (and the policies that derive from it) is not unique nor homogeneous. It is a complex concept whose meaning may vary over time and space depending on the country considered, the historical and political circumstances and the immigration phase.

What certainly distinguishes integration from other phenomena is its dynamic nature: it can therefore be defined both as a process, and as the outcome of that process.
The different meanings of integration shift the focus of several
processes, emphasizing different aspects. For example, one distinguishes between
integration "systemic" integration and "social" integration between
"Economic" integration and "political" ... etc. .

With reference to the immigration countries of West Europe, we
can distinguish four models of integration:


Temporary: In this model, the residence permit is closely related to the work permit, so the immigrant who loses his job is expelled. As long as the immigrant is
holder of an employment contract, he shall enjoy the same social security rights enjoyed by the local worker. However, the rights related to social integration itself are not recognized: family reunions are discouraged and feeling rooted is impossible. This is the traditional German model of "guest workers" (Gastarbeiter), which has been reformed only recently.


Assimilation: the immigrant is seen as an individual who is destined to become a citizen of the host country, so it is relatively easy to access citizenship (the jus soli applies). However, the specific ethnic, cultural, religious, linguistic differences
are ignored in the name of the optimistic universalism of
the host country. Migration flows are selected favouring those populations which are closest from a linguistic or cultural point of view. This pattern is typical of France and of early migrations to America.


Multicultural: immigrants are first considered as belonging to one of the national groups who have settled in a given country, but are still treated unfairly. They are then given the status of minorities to be protected. The relationship between immigrants and native is of mutual tolerance, but also separation; in fact, there is a tendency to favor the formation of autonomous communities. This model is being implemented in the U.S. (where it is is called the melting pot, where different cultures are blended together), Holland, Sweden.

Implicit: immigration is neither explicitly recognized nor encouraged as a phenomenon, but it is not ruled by systematic official policies. This leads to ambivalent behavior on the part of the native against immigrants, ranging from humanitarian assistance and hospitality to incidents of intolerance and rejection. This ambivalence is also evident in work policies. Whenever the immigrant is regularly employed, equal rights are recognized, but irregular work is widely tolerated, as this is very convenient to local companies. Even achieving the status of citizen is difficult and uncertain. This integration model is still being carried out in Italy.





CONSIGLIO REGIONALE DELL’ABRUZZO GRUPPO CONSILIARE DEI COMUNISTI ITALIANI
CORSO DI CHIMICA PER SCIENZE GEOLOGICHE (2° GRUPPO) E
DOCUMENTO GRUPPO DI LAVORO SULLA “QUESTIONE MORALE” COME SI


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