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Changing Properties

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Energy and Temperature


Indiana Science Indicators Addressed:


2.1.2 Use tools, such as thermometers, magnifiers, rulers, or balances, to gain more information about objects.


      1. Investigate, observe, and describe that when warmer things are put with cooler ones, the warm ones loose heat and the cool ones gain it until they are all at the same temperature.


      1. Demonstrate, using drawings and models, the movement of atoms in a solid, liquid, and gaseous state. Explain that atoms and molecules are perpetually in motion.


8.3.10 Explain that increased temperature means that atoms have a greater average energy of motion and that most gases expand when heated.


Objectives


The Student Will Be Able to:


Required Materials


Three large beakers or small pales big enough for hands to go into, water, mechanism for warming and cooling the water (hot plate, ice, etc.), food coloring, Mylar balloon, hairdryer, ping-pong balls, clear plastic containers, clear plastic straws, tape


Lesson Background

All materials, including solids, have motion even when they are “standing still”. This motion is located in very tiny vibrations between the atoms and the movement of the electrons around the nucleus of the atoms. As energy is absorbed by the material, the vibrations between the atoms become great enough to disrupt the structure of the solid and it will melt. As more and more energy is absorbed by a sample, the vibrations and now collisions between two molecules become great enough that some molecules can leave that sample as gaseous vapor.


The previous paragraph not only quickly describes how solids, liquids and gases vary from each other, but shows the intricate relationship between energy and temperature. Temperature is a measurement of the average kinetic energy that a sample has. That is, as the sample has more kinetic motion in it, the higher the temperature that can be observed. Likewise, as the kinetic energy decrease, the observed temperature is lower. Scientist have postulated that the coldest temperature that could be theoretically possible is approximately -460 degrees Fahrenheit which is -273 degrees on the Celsius scale. This low temperature is referred to as absolute zero, the point where there would be zero kinetic motion. To date, laboratory experiments have produced conditions very close to this temperature, but the constraints of physics prevent this condition from being observed.


Some of the kinetic energy of one material can be transferred to another material. Heat is this transfer of kinetic energy. It has been observed that the transfer of heat is from a source with more kinetic energy to a specimen of lower kinetic energy. When our hand is placed in a sample that has more kinetic energy, heat is transferred from the sample to our hand and it feels warm to the touch. However, when the sample has less kinetic energy then our hand, heat is transferred from our hand to the sample and therefore it feels cool to the touch.


When a specific number of molecules are contained within a specific area, other properties of the kinetic theory can be observed. These further concepts of the kinetic theory are most easily seen in gases, so we will limit our discussion here. As molecules gain energy and become more energetic, they vibrate more and more eventually pushing themselves away from each other. Since the molecules are contained, they bounce off the inside of the container. Now, when more heat is transferred to these molecules, they move more energetically, colliding with other molecules and the inside of the container with more force. If the container is solid, the pressure inside the container goes up. If the container is flexible, such as a helium balloon, the pressure of the gas inside will expand the balloon (increases its volume) until the pressure inside and outside the balloon are equal. Eventually, since density is a relationship of mass to volume (D=m/V), as the volume increase and the mass (contained in the balloon) doesn’t change, the density becomes smaller and floats on the more dense air outside the balloon.


The expansion of a gas as energy is transferred into it is very similar to how a thermometer works. When a liquid thermometer is placed into a substance, heat is transferred from the warmer to the cooler. If the warmer substance is the one being measured, energy is transferred into the liquid in the thermometer, which pushes off of each other more and begins to rise up the thermometer. When the thermometer and the substance reach a constant temperature, the column stops rising and the temperature can be read. If the thermometer is warmer then the sample, heat is transferred from the thermometer and the liquid in the thermometer condenses down. Early thermometers were large and open to the air. By closing the thermometer and trapping a gas above the liquid, the thermometers were more easily calibrated and therefore more accurate in repeated measurements. Also, the liquid used in today’s thermometers, primarily ethyl alcohol (ethanol), will vaporize if exposed to air.


An interesting phenomenon occurs during the measurement of temperatures using a thermometer. You may have noticed that when a thermometer is inserted into a sample, the thermometer will either gain or loose heat in the process. This heat has to either come from or go to the sample being measured. Therefore, by measuring the temperature, we actually change the samples temperature. Because of this, the measured temperature is slightly different from the true value. However, to minimize this effect, scientists use small thermometers in comparison to large samples. That way, the energy needed to change the thermometer is an extremely small proportion of the energy in the sample. This also explains why absolute zero has not been observed in the laboratory. If a sample could be cooled to such a low temperature, the thermometer that would be used to observe that temperature would transfer heat to the sample and therefore warming it above absolute zero. It’s a catch-22.


Procedure



Written by:

Dustan Smith, Aaron Debbink, and Jim Dyer; PIE Fellows, Ball State University



Building a working thermometer Name___________________

Student Worksheet Class Period___________

Partners ________________

________________________


Instructions: In this activity your group will make a thermometer and then use it to measure the temperature of a liquid.


Making the thermometer:

  1. The materials you will need to make your thermometer are provided by your teacher. Follow all instructions that your teacher adds to the instructions below.

  2. Put your straw into about two inches of water.

  3. Fold down the top of the straw and tape it closed as shown in the picture below.

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  1. Have one student carefully put his or her finger on the bottom of the straw under the water.

  2. Quickly turn the straw over keeping the finger on the side of the straw that is not sealed. It is okay if your straw thermometer does not have an air space above the water.

  3. Now put the straw in the ‘warm’ water provided by your teacher. Also put a real thermometer in the water. Allow them to sit for at least two minutes. With a pen or pencil mark on the thermometer where the bottom of the water is. What temperature does the actual thermometer say? _____________

  4. Now put your straw thermometer and the actual thermometer in the ‘cold’ water provided by your teacher. Let them sit for at least two minutes. Now mark the bottom of the water plug in your straw thermometer. What is the actual temperature from the real thermometer? _______________

  5. Now you will estimate the temperature of another beaker of water without using the real thermometer.

  6. Put your straw thermometer into the beaker of water provided by your teacher. Do NOT put the actual thermometer in. Allow the straw thermometer to sit for at least two minutes. Mark on the straw thermometer the bottom of the water.

  7. Look at the other temperature marks and estimate what the temperature of this water is. It should be between the two other temperatures. The temperature is about ___________

  8. Now use the real thermometer and find the actual temperature. What is the actual temperature? ___________ How close was your group from the real temperature? _____________

  9. When you put the straw thermometer in the hottest water, the water plug in the straw was pushed up. What pushed the water up? _______________________________________


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