THROUGH THE USE OF HIGH SPEED IMAGING AND BIOMECHANICAL

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Mantis shrimp (stomatopods) are well-known for their extremely fast and powerful raptorial appendages

Through the use of high speed imaging and biomechanical models, we discovered several important phenomena underlying the mantis shrimp’s strike. Mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda) are named after praying mantises, both of which use their forelimbs to capture prey.


High speed video images, recorded at 5000 frames per second, yielded two surprises. First, the feeding limbs of this species reach maximum speeds from 12-23 m/s (in water!). This may be the fastest feeding strike produced by an animal appendage.


While recording these images, we noticed cavitation bubbles forming between the limb and the snail. As a result of the limb’s extraordinary speed, the water cavitates (vaporizes) when the limb strikes the prey. Cavitation is a very destructive phenomenon; when these vapor bubbles collapse, they essentially cause a small implosion in the water which produces heat, light and sound. For example, rapidly rotating boat propellers are often badly damaged by cavitation, to the point of developing holes in the metal. It was not previously known that cavitation occurs during the mantis shrimp’s strike. We are currently investigating how cavitation contributes to the mantis shrimp’s ability to process prey.


Such extreme speeds in water require substantial energy storage and release. Energetic calculations show that these movements cannot be controlled by muscle contractions alone. In other words, the mantis shrimp needs a potent power amplification system in its limb. This observation led to a third major discovery: the mantis shrimp has a stiff, saddle-shaped spring located on the upper surface of its limb. This saddle shape, also known as a hyperbolic paraboloid or anticlastic surface, is well known to engineers and architects as a surface that uniformly distributes loads and requires few materials. Earlier studies showed that mantis shrimp have a latch which holds the limb in place until the animal is ready to strike. The newly discovered spring allows the animal to store additional energy to generate such extreme speeds once the latch is released.


This research was conducted in collaboration with Wyatt Korff and Roy Caldwell.


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