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HAWKINS MASTERPIECES CLASSICS 102 CLASSICS 102 ROMAN LITERATURE

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Ch 1 Sec 1: Earth’s Interior Guide for Reading

How have geologists learned about Earth’s inner structure?

What are the characteristics of Earth’s crust, mantle, and core?


Earth’s surface is constantly changing (lifting, sinking, bending & breaking). Earth looks different today from the way it did millions of years ago. People wonder, “What’s inside Earth?”


The extreme conditions in Earth’s interior prevent exploration far below the surface. The deepest mine in the world reaches a depth of 3.8 km- but it only scratches the surface. You would need to travel more than 1,600 times that distance- over 6,000 km to reach the center of the earth.


Geologists have used two main types of evidence to learn about Earth’s interior:


1. Direct evidence from rock samples: Rocks from inside Earth give geologist’s clues about Earth’s structure. Holes as deep as 12 km are drilled inside earth to get samples. Geologists can then make inferences about the conditions deep inside Earth where these rocks formed. In addition, forces inside Earth sometimes blast rock to the surface from depths of more than 100 km. These rocks provide more information.

2. Indirect evidence from seismic waves: Using data from seismic waves produced by earthquakes, geologists have learned that Earth’s interior is composed up of several layers. Each layer surrounds the layer beneath it.





The three main layers of Earth vary greatly in:

Size: Crust: 5-70 km

Mantle: 2,867 km

Outer Core: 2,266 km

Inner Core: 1,216 km


Composition: Mountains & continental crust: Granite

Oceanic crust: Basalt

Core: metals- mainly Iron and Nickel.

Also: oxygen, sulfur & silicon.


Temperature- As you start to tunnel beneath the surface, the surrounding rock is cool. Beneath the surface, the temperature decreases for about 20 meters, then increases 1oC for every 40 meters of depth for several tens of kilometers. After that the temperature rises more slowly, but steadily until the center of Earth is reached. The higher temperatures are the results from the formation of the planet and radioactive substances inside earth.


Pressure- results from a force pressing on an area. Because of the weight of the rock above, the pressure inside Earth increases as you go deeper.












The three main layers of Earth are:

1. the crust- is the layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin. The crust is a layer of solid rock that includes both dry land and the ocean floor. It is thinner than lower layers.

Oceanic crust consists mostly of rocks such as basalt, dark rock with a fine texture. The crust under the ocean is thinner- as thin as 5 km thick.

Continental crust, the crust that forms the continents, consists mainly of rocks such as granite. Granite is a rock that usually is a light color and has a coarse texture. Continental crust is thicker- the crust making up some mountains can be up to 70 km thick.


2. the mantle- Below a boundary 40 kilometers beneath the surface is the solid material of the mantle, a layer of hot rock. Earth’s mantle is made up of rock that is very hot, but solid. Scientists divide the mantle into layers based on the physical characteristics of those layers.


a. The uppermost part of the mantle and the crust together

form a rigid layer called the lithosphere. The lithosphere

averages about 100 km thick.


b. Below the lithosphere is a soft layer called the asthenosphere.

This layer is hotter and under more pressure which makes

the rock less rigid, its somewhat soft and can bend like

plastic. Although it is still solid- it can “flow”.


c. Beneath the asthenosphere, the mantle is solid. This solid

material, called the lower mantle (mesosphere), extends all

the way to Earth’s core.




3. the core- is made mostly of the metals iron and nickel. Scientists have found the core may also contain oxygen, sulfur and silicon. The inner & outer core is 3,486 km thick. Because of the great depth, the core is under a lot of pressure.

It consists of two parts:


  1. a liquid outer core - The outer core is a layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core. Despite enormous pressure, it is still liquid. Scientists think that movements in the liquid outer core create Earth’s magnetic field. Because Earth has a magnetic field, the planet acts like a giant bar magnet. When you use a compass, the compass needle aligns itself with the lines of force in Earth’s magnetic field.


b. a solid inner core- The inner core is a dense ball of solid

metal. The extreme pressure squeezes the atoms of iron &

nickel so much they cannot spread out & become liquid.



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