AINIC2017􀀕􀀕􀀕􀀔 DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF DENTAL HEALTH STATUS IN ANDALAS

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AINiC2017-􀀕􀀕􀀕􀀔

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF DENTAL HEALTH STATUS IN ANDALAS 1st YEAR STUDENTS

Nila Kasuma^1*, Fildzah Nurul Fajrin², Haria Fitri³

¹^,2,3Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera , Indonesia

Abstract

College students are generally have higher educational level and motivated to maintain good oral health. Therefore the goal of this study is as evaluation of young adults caries status which will provide an opportunity to acknowledge their oral health status. This descriptive study was conducted on June 2017 in Medika Andalas Clinic ,Andalas University . The study population consisted of 300 males and 300 females undergraduate students of Andalas University with age range of 16-21 years. . DMFT was obtained by calculating the number of decayed (D), missing (M) and filled (F) teeth (T). The software used included MS Office Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS Statistics 17. The result of this study is mean of DMFT in male group is 1.76±1.954, . In female group , DMFT mean is 2.87±2.55. We conclude that Mean of DMFT on males Andalas University student was higher than females DMFT , also whole DMFT of Andalas University students was lower than whole West Sumatera and Indonesia DMFT as well. By doing this study we hope on the young adult group the growing knowledge and professional habits students get enough motivation to have their own teeth treated.

KEY WORDS: DMFT, caries, young adult

1. INTRODUCTION

Dental health is a highly individualized concept the perception of which is very much affected by an individual’s culture and socioeconomic status. The attitude of people towards their own teeth, and attitudes of dentists who provide dental care, play an important role in determining the oral health condition of the population (Naz & Yousuf 2013). During the last decade studies have indicated that caries comprise a major problem in the adult population of both developing and industrialized countries(Namal et al. 2008). Dental caries is the most common chronic disease of the oral cavity, which affects the population in general, from children to adults and seniors. Based on current knowledge of cariology and on the principles of minimal intervention, the treatment of carious lesions in the early stages occurs in a non-operative manner, avoiding the need for more complex and costly treatments(Melgar et al. 2016).

Based on the minimal intervention concept, as well as in the possibility of paralyzing and reversing dental caries in the early stages, one should not restrict the detection of disease to cavitated lesions . Thus, the use of a method capable of identifying spot lesions and their progression over time in an epidemiological level may be relevant considering the objective to be achieved in a study. The need for operative treatment at the population or individual level may be measured by the DMF index(Melgar et al. 2016). The Decayed (D), Missing (M), Filled (F) teeth index has been used since 1938 [1] and is well established as the leading measure of caries in dental epidemiology. It has been developed by the WHO [6] to be recommend- ed as a framework of reference to index dental caries. The index expresses the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth in a group of individuals. (Khamis 2016). The DMFT values will be interpreted according to DMF scoring scale According to this scale a DMFT value between 0-4 is considered low caries status, the value in the range of 5-9 is moderate caries status and value greater than 9 is high caries status (Naz & Yousuf 2013).

College students are generally have higher educational level and motivated to maintain good oral health. Researcher have found that most of the students showed improved oral hygiene following dental health education and the overall DMFT score were reduced(Nadeem et al. 2011). Therefore evaluation of their caries status will provide an opportunity to acknowledge their oral health status.

2. METHOD

The study population consisted of 300 males and 300 females first year undergraduate students of Andalas University with age range of 16-21 years. The students consent was taken before the examination . The examination was done in unit light in Medika Andalas Clinic. There is no exclusion criteria on this study. The instrument was calibrated for intra and interexamination reliability by a senior faculty member. Each student being examined was seated in the upright position. DMFT (for permanent dentition) describe the number, or the prevalence, of caries in an individual. DMFT is method to numerically express the caries experience and is obtained by calculating the number of decayed (D), missing (M) and filled (F) teeth (T). DMF-T group based on WHO; very low (0,8-1,1), low (1,2-2,6), medium (2,7-4,4), high (4,5-6,5), very high (>6,6). Statistical data was processed using a personal computer with MS Windows 10 operating system. The software used included MS Office Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS Statistics 17.

3. RESULT

The study group was 600 Andalas University 1st year students. The mean age of the participants was 17,8 years old (male) and 17,77 years old (female). Females and males accounted for 50% each group(n = 300).

Table 1. Distribution of components of decayed, missing and filled teeth index (DMFT)

	Mean	±SD	Minimum	Maximum
Male	1.76	1.954	0	8
Female	2.87	2.550	0	11

Mean of DMFT in male group is 1.76±1.954, with the lowest DMFT 0 and the highest is 8 . In female group , DMFT mean is 2.87±2.550 with the highest DMFT is 11 and the lowest is 0. Males mean DMFT was lower than females DMFT .

5. DISCUSSION

Dental caries (i.e., tooth decay) is the most common chronic disease world wide, and one that exhibits profound disparities between affluent and impoverished nations and between privileged and disadvantaged populations within wealthy nations(Shaffer et al. 2015). Healthy teeth and oral tissues and the need for oral health care are important for any section of society. Oral disorders can have a profound impact on the quality of life. Good oral health has real health gains, in that it can improve general health and quality of life and contribute to self image and social interaction.(Shabani et al. 2015). In the oral cavity, therapeutic edentulation was common as a result of the popularity of the focal infection theory. It has become increasingly clear that the oral cavity can act as the site of origin for dissemination of pathogenic organisms to distant body sites, especially in immunocompromised hosts such as patients suffering from malignancies, diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis or having corticosteroid or other immu- nosuppressive treatment. A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that oral infection, especially marginal and apical periodontitis, may be a risk factor for systemic diseases.(Li et al. 2000)

Based on the results of Riskesdas 2013 caries prevalence in Indonesia is 76.2% and DMF-T 4.5. The condition of DMF-T Indonesia is still high, seen from most provinces for DMF-T index still in high condition. The provinces with high DMF-T are as follows: Bangka Belitung (8,5), South Kalimantan (7,2), West Kalimantan (6.2), South Sulawesi (6.6) and Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (5.9) including West Sumatra (6.2). Based on Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2007, age group 10-24 years more suffering caries 66,8-69,5%. This situation shows that dental caries occurs in many productive ages. It is highly visible from the prevalence of the average Indonesian dental and mouth performance of 23.4%. (Riskesdas 2013).

The result of our descriptive study showed that mean of DMFT in male group is 1.76±1.954, with the lowest DMFT 0 and the highest is 8 . In female group , DMFT mean is 2.87±2.550 with the highest DMFT is 11 and the lowest is 0. Males mean DMFT was lower than females DMFT . This study agrees with Ferarro et al (2010) who state that caries rates being higher in females than males. all contributing factors must be considered. There is no one reason for this disparity. Women’s roles in their community (caretaker, meal preparation, etc.), along with other social factors, such as differing salivary florates and compositions, dietary habits, hormonal changes during pregnancy, and particular variants of the AMELX gene must all be included in the assessment of an individual woman’s caries risk assessment. Substantial evidence has not been found concerning the contributions of the longer time female teeth are exposed to the oral cavity or concerning a differing microbial oral flora which might enhance the caries developing process. More research is needed to define the role of these two possible contributors more clearly in order for us to more completely understand the development of caries in women and to anticipate the disease process before it begins.(Ferraro & Vieira 2010).

The result of this study showed that DMFT was low and lower than whole Indonesia DMFT (4.5) as well. This study agrees with study by Nadeem et al (2011) showed that the number of decayed teeth was decreasing together with the increase amount of knowledge and the year of studies (Nadeem et al. 2011). Young university students are in a productive and dynamic transition period of growth and development that bridges adolescence (high school students) and adulthood (people in the community). Since many of them are living away from home for the first time in their lives, their health, lifestyle, and behaviors could be easily changed. When their oral health behaviors deteriorate, their clinical status can easily become exacerbated. (Yamane-takeuchi et al. 2016). Today it is believed that an environment with its typical culture, socioeconomic status, life style and dietary pattern can have a greater impact on caries resistance or development than the so-called inherent racial attributes (Naz & Yousuf 2013).

CONCLUSIONS

Mean of DMFT on males Andalas University student was higher than females DMFT , also whole DMFT of Andalas University students was lower than whole West Sumatera and Indonesia DMFT as well. Many factors which contribute in caries formation, such as gender, saliva, diets, education level, time, and genetic factor. So by doing this study we hope on the young adult group the growing knowledge and professional habits students get enough motivation to have their own teeth treated.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We send our special gratitude to Andalas University and Medika Andalas Clinic

REFERENCES

Ferraro, M. & Vieira, A.R., 2010. Explaining Gender Differences in Caries : A Multifactorial Approach to a Multifactorial Disease. , 2010, pp.1–6.

Khamis, A.H., 2016. Re-Visiting the Decay , Missing , Filled Teeth ( DMFT ) Index with a Mathematical Modeling Concept. , (February), pp.16–22.

Li, X. et al., 2000. Systemic Diseases Caused by Oral Infection. , 13(4), pp.547–558.

Melgar, R.A. et al., 2016. Differential Impacts of Caries Classification in Children and Adults : A Comparison of ICDAS and DMF-T. , 27, pp.761–766.

Nadeem, M. et al., 2011. Evaluation of dental health education and dental status among dental students at Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry. , 3(3), pp.11–13.

Namal, N. et al., 2008. Dental health status and risk factors for dental caries in adults in Istanbul , Turkey. , 14, pp.110–118.

Naz, F. & Yousuf, M., 2013. DMFT INDEX AMONG DENTAL UNDERGRADUATES OF LAHORE MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGE IN DIFFERENT. , 33(1), pp.156–159.

Shabani, L.F., Begzati, A. & Dragidella, F., 2015. The Correlation between DMFT and OHI-S Index among 10-15 Years Old Children in Kosova. , 1(1), pp.1–5.

Shaffer, J.R. et al., 2015. Caries Experience Differs between Females and Males across Age Groups in Northern Appalachia. , 2015.

Yamane-takeuchi, M. et al., 2016. Associations among oral health-related quality of life , subjective symptoms , clinical status , and self-rated oral health in Japanese university students : a cross- sectional study. BMC Oral Health, pp.1–8. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0322-9.

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